These were used to keep southern blacks from voting in the bad old days.

He said sports were a "social control mechanism" to keep blacks from other areas of American society.

No matter how hard the state tried to keep blacks at bay, the lure of possible jobs in the cities was irresistible.

"Any system that keeps whites and blacks away from the real students is a good one."

He set a tone that you can keep blacks shut out and they can't do anything about it.

You are trying to keep nothing but blacks in there.

"They wanted to provide homes for their residents and to keep blacks out," he testified.

It kept blacks out of white areas and controlled riots.

"It was made a cooperative to keep poor blacks and minorities out in the first place," he said.

During the 1930s and '40s, laws keeping blacks from voting were found to be unconstitutional.