This also excluded blacks from serving on juries or in local offices.

The four said the office had an unofficial policy to exclude blacks from juries.

Those unions, in turn, began to exclude blacks from jobs they had long held.

"This is a way to exclude blacks and Latinos," he said.

However, 17 states, mostly in the South, generally excluded blacks from their land grant colleges.

He claimed that the jury excluded blacks and was the cause for his conviction.

The state had totally excluded blacks from the force until it was forced to hire some by a 1972 court order.

Until the turn of the century, most craft unions routinely excluded blacks.

Three years later, convinced that the town's form of government excluded her and other blacks from public office, she sued.