On the other hand, the quasiparticle states of small gap are loosely bound to the vortex core.

In general, the presence of viscosity causes a diffusion of vorticity away from the vortex cores into the general flow field.

To first approximation, the formation of vortex cores is thermodynamically an adiabatic process, i.e., one with no exchange of heat.

We will assume that in a vortex core, the pressure () drops to about 80% of the ambient pressure, i.e., to about 80 000 Pa.

Let's first determine the temperature in the vortex core.

Next, we determine the dew point in the vortex core.

Under right conditions, the local temperature in vortex cores may drop below the local freezing point, in which case ice particles will form inside the vortex cores.

As it does so it takes on the flow pattern of a vortex ring with incandescent material in the vortex core as seen in certain photographs.

The third column is the light intensity distribution in a beam cross-section (with a dark vortex core at the center).

The quasiparticle states of the vortices of large gap are highly confined to the vortex core.