Jamaica now has vast shantytowns; unemployment at depression levels; and high rates of economic inequality, crime and drug abuse.

And just Thursday, Cape Town officials warned residents of a vast shantytown near the city airport that they faced arrest if they tried to squat in an unfinished housing project nearby.

Nor is there much optimism among the tens of millions of people living in vast shantytowns throughout the continent.

Inhabitants of the vast shantytowns that surrounded these cities often tried to survive by begging, prostitution, and stealing.

To encourage development in poor areas, six sites for softball, badminton, boxing and other sports are planned for the vast shantytowns of the Cape Flats.

In 1964, Oiticica moved into the "favela" Mangueira (one of Rio's vast shantytowns), training with its famous samba dancers and becoming a performer in the annual carnival.

As the population of Tijuana, with its vast shantytowns, has exploded, its sewer system has become inadequate.

And the book includes striking images of the vast shantytowns that sprung up to house the marchers.

The following February, it assassinated María Elena Moyano, a well-known community organizer in Villa El Salvador, a vast shantytown in Lima.

The country's system of residential permits was originally established by the Communist government to control the movements of people and prevent the growth of vast urban shantytowns.