These concatenated codes are now being replaced by more powerful turbo codes where the transmitted data does not need to be decoded immediately.

In 1993, turbo codes were introduced by Berrou, Glavieux, and Thitimajshima.

The key innovation of turbo codes is how they use the likelihood data to reconcile differences between the two decoders.

This algorithm is proposed by Qi Wang, etc. to deal with turbo code.

There are many different instances of turbo codes, using different component encoders, input/output ratios, interleavers, and puncturing patterns.

From an artificial intelligence viewpoint, turbo codes can be considered as an instance of loopy belief propagation in Bayesian networks.

Repeat-accumulate codes (a class of simple turbo codes)

Some major telecommunications discoveries have been announced at ICC, such as the invention of turbo codes.

However, a key aspect of turbo codes is their iterated decoding approach.

For turbo codes, an interleaver is an integral component and its proper design is crucial for good performance.