Celera had a top-down method for sequencing the genome, the public consortium a bottom-up approach.

Excavation of the basement levels was conducted while the floors above were being constructed, a process referred to as the top-down method.

Both the bottom-up and top-down methods used by analysts usually provide growth forecasts only for two years ahead.

"I am deeply skeptical that these crude top-down methods are accurate," he said.

That was because the "top-down" method of program design hadn't been invented yet, and Mel wouldn't have used it anyway.

Fabrication of nano-channels is categorized into top-down and bottom-up methods.

The technique for writing a program using top-down methods is to write a main procedure that names all the major functions it will need.

Through top-down methods that primarily involve governments and the state bureaucracy.

There is better front-end separation of peptides compared with proteins and higher sensitivity than the top-down method.

Failure of many development projects in the 1960s led to it reconceptualizing its top-down methods.