This wave of migration has been more permanent than the pre-independence wave of temporary migration.

The temporary migration of technical help has become a standard feature of the utility industry's response to earthquakes and violent weather.

Although the temporary migration into the cities was seen as beneficial, controlling it was a serious concern of the central government.

A seasonal workers scheme for temporary migration was introduced in 2007 and in 2009 about 8,000 Pacific Islanders were employed under it.

In contrast to temporary migration, circular migration allows the worker to simultaneously be engaged with both the home and host countries.

Main crops are:Ground nuts, vegetables, silk worm rearing, and people mainly live here by temporary migration to Karnataka for employment.

Their new-found hope for change that was brought back from their temporary migration also remains instilled in their daily lives.

The volume of permanent and temporary migration from the 1960s to the 1980s changed the configuration of the urban working class.

We also need to lay down policies on temporary migration, similar to what the International Labour Organisation is currently proposing, without entitlement to permanent residence.

However, temporary migration can generate a substantial remittance of capital flow to the homeland.