"That is why we have to use a lot of temporary labor, even though it is far from ideal."

"It is no longer possible to just replace them with temporary labor."

The result was an enormous expansion of temporary labor in the Japanese labor market.

At the same time there was a 'well-established tradition to use temporary labour'.

"I am afraid all temporary labor will be laid off."

While the government considers the migrants temporary labor, the new survey found that, in 2000, fewer than 3 percent went back permanently.

The increased use of temporary labor is part of the trouble.

"Companies are finally asking: 'Do we really need to let 100 plant managers contract out for temporary labor?' "

This suggests that these two forms of temporary labour are not usually functional equivalents.

In the service sector the reverse relationship appeared to obtain, and this with respect to both forms of temporary labour.