Modelling of the surface deformation indicates that the fault that slipped during the earthquake dipped to the north at between about 50-67 .

They found surface deformations at four sites that had been thought to be dormant.

When the two bodies come in contact, surface deformation may occur on both bodies.

Seismic activity, gas concentrations, surface deformation, and temperature fluctuations are all carefully watched in order to mitigate the effects of a possible eruption.

A lock-in-amplifier (LiA) is then able to retrieve the amplitude and phase of the CPE induced surface deformation by the process outlined below.

It was later realized that speckle patterns could carry information about the object's surface deformations.

The surface of the flukes has give, and this permits improved attachment by allowing temporary deformation, and readjustment of the surface deformation.

To improve scientific understanding of tectonic and magmatic processes that influence ongoing seismicity, surface deformation, and hydrothermal activity, 4.

Seismology - study of the structure and composition of the Earth through seismic waves, and of surface deformations during earthquakes and seismic hazards.

Those two sets of observations successfully imaged the surface deformation caused by the March 2011 fissure eruption in Kilauea's east rift zone.