Radiation increases the risk of cancer and other stochastic effects at any dose.

There is no firm basis for setting a "safe" level of exposure above background for stochastic effects.

This makes it extremely difficult to isolate its stochastic effects.

How is it possible to quantify stochastic effects?

An additional misunderstanding occurs regarding the nature of the evidence for stochastic effects from studies of exposed populations.

If it occurs, the severity of a stochastic effect is independent of the dose received.

This second step can be done with multiple price paths to add a stochastic effect to the procedure.

Ionizing radiation has deterministic and stochastic effects on human health.

Intake of radioactive materials into the body tends to increase the risk of cancer, and possibly other stochastic effects.

Radiation-induced cancer, teratogenesis, cognitive decline, and heart disease are all examples of stochastic effects.