A single quantum (e.g. a photon) is prepared in a random state.

One is the no-cloning theorem for a single quantum.

He is also the co-author, along with William Wootters and Dennis Dieks, of a proof stating that a single quantum cannot be cloned (see the no cloning theorem).

Due to its two-dimensional property, charge fractionalization (where the apparent charge of individual pseudoparticles in low-dimensional systems is less than a single quantum) is thought to occur in graphene.

Now consider a single quantum harmonic oscillator in a superposition of basis states, evolving for a time under a Hamiltonian .

One type of RTDs are formed as a single quantum well structure surrounded by very thin layer barriers.

Or something so sensitive that it can detect a magnetic fluctuation that is essentially a single quanta of energy.

For difference bands involving transfer of a single quantum of excitation, as in the example, the frequency is approximately equal to the difference between the fundamental frequencies.

Moreover, the more accurately one measures the position, the shorter the wavelength of the light that one needs and hence the higher the energy of a single quantum.

Let denote a state with a single quantum of mode excited, i.e.