It has also developed short-range systems that violate the United Nations flight limit of 150 kilometers, or about 93 miles.

Bluetooth, a short-range wireless system supported by many mobile devices, is one transmission medium used for proximity marketing.

The missile defense treaty allows short-range anti-missile systems like the Patriots used during the Persian Gulf war.

Israel had floated the idea of its own short-range antimissile system, but American defense officials cautioned that it would be "doomed to fail".

She supports plans to move ahead with modernization of short-range nuclear systems and had sought a timetable for the process.

The dispute over the short-range systems erupted last month when Bonn openly defied Washington and called for talks soon on the weapons.

A variety of methods were developed to take fixes with relatively small angle inaccuracies, but even these were generally useful only for short-range systems.

"We did not want defense against long-range missiles to be built under the guise of defense against short-range systems," an Administration official said.

Both alliances were ready at that time to eliminate medium-range missiles, and the Soviet Union made an unexpected offer to include short-range systems as well.

Development was restarted in Germany in the 1930s as a short-range system deployed at airports as a blind landing aid.