The highest amount of seed predation came from mammals.

Nevertheless, regardless of timing, seed predation has great implications for plant population dynamics.

Postdispersal seed predation arises once seeds have been released from the parent plant.

Both pre- and post-dispersal seed predation are extremely frequent in nature.

Post-dispersal seed predation is extremely common in virtually all ecosystems.

Where seeds are most abundant under the parent tree, seed predation is predicted to be at its highest.

If a population is safe site limited it is likely that seed predation will have little impact to the success of the population.

These "pears" are thought to have evolved primarily as a defense against seed predation.

It is believed that these fruit characteristics evolved as a defense mechanism against seed predation.

This benefit is particularly pronounced in areas where myrmecochorous plants are subject to heavy seed predation, which may be common.