The simplest case obtains where all residual variances are modeled explicitly.

The ith basis function is chosen to be orthogonal to the basis functions from the first through i 1, and to minimize the residual variance.

His residual genotypic variance (called simply "residual" by Fisher) represented assortment which did not lead to phenotypic change.

The value is often expressed as a percentage, where lower values indicate less residual variance.

The four study characteristics explained little of the residual variance in the data.

However, the impact of subject of analysis and type of performance measurement on the residual variance in the data was not statistically significant.

The problem is that the imputed data do not have an error term included in their estimation, thus the estimates fit perfectly along the regression line with out any residual variance.

For example, Troutman treated autoregressions in which the autoregression coefficients and residual variance are no longer constant but vary cyclically with time.

The estimate of residual variance is 241.6 10.30.

The information pertaining to environmental variables can then be used in site-specific models to identify residual variance that may be due to real effects.