One upshot of confirmational holism is the underdetermination of theories: if all theories (and the propositions derived from them) of what exists are not sufficiently determined by empirical data (data, sensory-data, evidence); each theory with its interpretation of the evidence is equally justifiable.

The premise of confirmation holism is that all theories (and the propositions derived from them) are under-determined by empirical data (data, sensory-data, evidence); although some theories are not justifiable, failing to fit with the data or being unworkably complex, there are many equally justifiable alternatives.

This designation is used in reference to economists in the early 19th century that elaborated a theory of capitalist exploitation from the classical economic proposition derived from Adam Smith and David Ricardo stating that labor is the source of wealth.

Still more is this the case in Axioms and inferior propositions derived from Syllogisms.

Handful of Propositions Mr. Levine's analysis rests heavily on economic history and on a handful of propositions derived from it.

A valid argument preserves justification across transformations, so a proposition derived from justified propositions is still justified.

The propositions, derived from Aristotle's Physics and Metaphysics, were merely summarised by Maimonides; Tabrizi gives a detailed discussion of them, based on the work of Arabic authors.

Here he draws on a set of propositions derived from Habermas's discussion of crisis tendencies in modern society (see Roderick, 1986: 103).

The media equation relies on eight propositions derived from the research: