An example is the birthday problem, where the probability of two individuals sharing a birthday already exceeds 50% with a group of only 23.

"That probability exceeds fifty percent."

"The probability exceeds eighty percent that his death would have confirmed his charges for the majority of the opinion-forming adults in NorAm."

Direct reciprocity can lead to the evolution of cooperation only if the probability, w, of another encounter between the same two individuals exceeds the cost-to-benefit ratio of the altruistic act:

"The probability, though minor, of an unwelcome fall in inflation exceeds that of a rise in inflation from its already low level," the committee said.

If the first two conditions are met but the probability of a beta sheet p(b) exceeds p(t), then a sheet is predicted instead.

Indirect reciprocity can only promote cooperation if the probability, q, of knowing someone's reputation exceeds the cost-to-benefit ratio of the altruistic act:

In his earlier papers Dembski defined complex specified information (CSI) as being present in a specified event whose probability did not exceed 1 in 10, which he calls the universal probability bound.

Planners then calculate the Single Sortie Probability of Damage (SSPD) and extrapolate from there, adding sorties until the probability of damage meets or exceeds the required DE.

Its total value was estimated by one source at "as much as $12 billion," by another as "in all probability exceed[ing] $10 billion."