More recently, chaos (or the butterfly effect) has been identified as less significant than previously thought to explain prediction errors.

On update, the prediction error is reduced as with a CM.

An optimal value of M is often selected by monitoring prediction error on a separate validation data set.

These efforts may lead to a significant decrease of the level of prediction error.

The prediction error attributable to the systematic component has a magnitude v t.

But rationality requires that there should be no systematic element in the prediction error.

Thus the overall size of motion vector plus prediction error will be greater than the raw encoding.

The differences between the estimated matching area, and the real frame/macroblock is called the prediction error.

Notice that these differences are closely related to the statistical behavior of prediction errors.

A prediction error is estimated as an average across the 10 cross-validations.