In an effort to protect local industry a decade ago, the Mexican government placed punitive tariffs as high as 1,105 percent on Chinese fabric, clothing and shoes.

The British responded by placing tariffs on Irish goods such as agricultural produce.

France and West Germany had placed tariffs on imports of U.S. chicken.

The Protectionists sought to protect Australian industry and agriculture by placing tariffs on imports.

France had placed heavy tariffs on Italian agricultural products, crippling the rural economy.

China retaliated within minutes by threatening to block new American investments and to place big tariffs on American automobiles, communications wares and other goods.

As long as China remained outside the treaty, countries were free to place high tariffs on Chinese-made goods - or to to block their entry unilaterally.

Peter also pursued proto-protectionist trade policies, placing heavy tariffs on imports and trade to maintain a favorable environment for Russian-made goods.

The Mexican government at the time placed high tariffs on goods transported across the border, making smuggling a profitable enterprise.

Congress had proposed bills that placed huge tariffs and taxes on imported sugar.