The most common explanations given for refusing to permit emigration are that a citizen knows state secrets or has failed to get the permission of close relatives.

He said he wanted to recognize the "excellent" progress Moscow has made in permitting emigration.

The Jackson-Vanik amendment denies most-favored-nation status to Communist countries that do not permit free emigration.

The only linkage, he said, was to Soviet passage of a law permitting unfettered emigration.

The Soviet Union is permitting much freer emigration.

The Jackson-Vanik amendment is part of a 1974 law that requires countries to permit free emigration to qualify for American trade concessions.

In 1853, a royal decree permitted emigration to all American territories, whether Spanish colonies or free nations.

They could reduce the excesses of the criminal-justice system, permit far greater emigration and withdraw from Afghanistan.

It required that most-favored-nation trading benefits be allowed to Communist countries only if they permitted freer emigration of dissidents.

Such tariffs are mandated by 1974 legislation barring most-favored-nation treatment, which carries low duties, to countries that do not permit free emigration.