But the Federation for American Immigration Reform, citing other scholars, says that such conclusions are based on outdated assumptions.

Better government has spread across Africa and the Middle East, defying outdated assumptions in the west.

Established methods and approaches are often the products of outdated assumptions, and professionals are forced to invent, adapt, adjust on a day-to-day basis.

But reconstructions like these are based on long outdated assumptions about "race" and history.

He criticized both the Defense Department for using spending plans based on outdated assumptions, and fellow Democrats for seeking spending cuts that are too large.

He urges clients to discard outdated assumptions and face up to uncomfortable new realities.

However, early studies have, so far, tended to produce implausible conclusions from very small numbers of people and using outdated assumptions about linguistics and archaeology.

But as Jeff Greenfield, the ABC News correspondent, said, such criticisms spring from outdated assumptions about the roles of conventions.

Another outdated assumption, Mr. Greenfield said, is that conventions are where parties define what they stand for.

This involves breaking what he calls "outdated assumptions" and finding ways to be more effective so that work takes up less time.