The quantum-confined Stark effect is widely used for semiconductor-based optical modulators, particularly for optical fiber communications.

Used in optical modulators and for non-linear optics such as SHG (second-harmonic generation).

Her studies focused on integrated optical modulators and tunable surface-emitting lasers in the near infrared.

This technique could greatly improve optical modulators, increasing the density of information carried by optical fibers.

Another method is to take the light from a light source and modulate it in an external optical modulator.

Using this, light absorption of materials can be controlled by changing electric field and can be used as an optical modulator.

In 2011, researchers at UC Berkeley reported the first graphene-based optical modulator.

Lithium niobate is used extensively in the telecoms market, e.g. in mobile telephones and optical modulators.

An optical modulator is a device which is used to modulate a beam of light.

It is used extensively in telecommunication products such as mobile phones and optical modulators, for such components as resonant crystals.