Immunohistochemical stains and molecular testing can be performed, especially if the sample is prepared using liquid based cytology.

Traditionally, turtles were classified as anapsids because they lack fenestrae, but molecular testing places them in the diapsid line of descent.

Biochemical and molecular testing can be used to narrow down the diagnosis of a porphyria and identify the specific genetic defect.

If telomere length is in the lowest 1% for three or more cell types, molecular genetic testing is indicated.

DNA banking is particularly relevant in situations in which molecular genetic testing is available on a research basis only.

Identification of the gene that causes 3-M syndrome may eventually lead to molecular genetic testing to confirm a suspected diagnosis.

The following are the Amsterdam criteria in identifying high-risk candidates for molecular genetic testing:

The two species can be distinguished by molecular testing using PCR.

There are three types of clinical molecular genetic testing.

- Point of Need: Low-throughput molecular testing in settings that lack a laboratory infrastructure or require fast turnaround times.