Also for accuracy laser interferometers need to be used.

The x- and y-axes are read out by laser interferometers.

LIGOs, or laser interferometer gravitational wave observatories, use light to detect these tiny deformations.

Three major factors limit the accuracy attainable with laser interferometers:

A number of instruments used in semiconductor, photonics and MEMs fabrication facilities utilize laser interferometers for position control.

The largest such laser interferometer is at Caltech.

It uses many advanced manufacturing techniques including "finite element analysis, vibration stress relief and three-dimensional laser interferometers."

The present-day generation of resonant mass antennas and laser interferometers has reached the necessary sensitivity to detect gravitational waves from sources in the Milky Way.

Three major factors limit the accuracy attainable with laser interferometers for a length measurement:

Most rate gyros are now laser interferometers.