His reputation has been tarnished by a long-running financial scandal involving kickbacks and sweetheart deals for state-subsidized construction contracts.

Miguel Recarey, president of the group, was indicted last month on charges involving kickbacks.

Home improvement scams sometimes involve kickbacks to other con artists.

He was also fined $20,000 for a conspiracy charge that involved kickbacks disguised as political contributions.

For example, he said, courts have said bribery does not have to be disclosed unless it involves kickbacks to people in the company.

The loan approval process involved kickbacks, threats and, in at least one case, a kidnapping.

American and European executives have long complained about the need to monitor their own employees because marketing deals in China often involve kickbacks or bribes.

The question now is how many judges and lawyers participate in the scheme, and whether it involves kickbacks or other abuses.

His case was part of a larger trend involving middlemen and kickbacks in the Iraqi government and the rebuilding process.

Tenet Healthcare, which used to be National Medical Enterprises, was the subject of a scandal involving illegal kickbacks to doctors.