Because only one half of the input waveform reaches the output, mean voltage is lower.

A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or negative) at its output.

Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input waveform to pulsating DC (direct current), and yields a higher average output voltage.

Alternating current electric motors and transformers may draw several times their normal full-load current when first energized, for a few cycles of the input waveform.

Then the accuracy of the transmission process reduces to the accuracy with which the transmitted pulse stream represents the input waveform.

Intermodulation products can be generated by carefully selecting and changing the frequency of the two input waveforms.

It does this by taking one sample from each successive repetition of the input waveform, each sample being at an increased time interval from the trigger event.

A card can be used, again in conjunction with free or commercial software, to analyse input waveforms.

However, it is important to realise that, where this is done, the system will not display the r.m.s. value at its output for any other input waveform.

The distortion is produced using a variable gain circuit with diodes shorting the output to ground to produce hard clipping of the input waveform.