Children or impaired adults who may not be able to communicate side effects may benefit from routine screening of drug levels.

They said, however, that women with other serious diseases and life expectancies of less than five years were not likely to gain from screening.

The good news: It's often preventable - and men may benefit from earlier screening than women.

Specifically, the present analysis suggests that observed ethnic differences result from differential screening.

But whether women under 50 would benefit from similar screening has been uncertain.

Information obtained from newborn screening can help guide medical treatment to ensure the best possible outcome for the baby.

Where samples are not available, residual blood from newborn screening may be helpful.

Women at higher risk may benefit from earlier or more frequent screening.

The study found no benefit from routine screening.

Two kinds of harms or complications may result from screening.