Rather, cells are built directly on various kinds of flat or threadlike substrates.

To make a "mask," the block copolymer is dissolved in solution, spun coated onto a flat substrate, and annealed at around 200oC to allow self-assembly.

Biofilms on a flat solid substrate are examples of V0-morphs; they grow in thickness, but not in surface area that is involved in nutrient exchange.

Uniform films can be applied onto flat or cylindrical substrates.

This involves placing an amount of the quantum dot solution onto a flat substrate, which is then rotated very quickly.

The sandpaper is affixed to another hard, flat substrate to create the sharpening surface.

Spin coating is a procedure used to deposit uniform thin films to flat substrates.

These waveguide substrates seem to be fairly simple to produce, but I suspect that they are not competitive with the flat substrates in terms of price.

Those living on large flat substrates are oval in shape but those on small snails have highly arched and often compressed on the left side.

Curtain coating is usually only effective on relatively flat substrates.