The CAG promoter is a combination of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) early enhancer element and chicken beta-actin promoter.

Some genes also have enhancer elements that can be thousands of bases upstream or downstream of the transcription initiation site.

The 3' UTR region can also contain enhancer elements that affect gene regulation and expression.

The (-13910) region, in particular, has been shown to function in vitro as an enhancer element capable of differentially activating transcription of LCT promoter.

Such a molecule could coordinate transcription of individual promoter or enhancer elements, and/or could physically connect different cellular machineries via distinct DNA elements.

Variation in the enhancer element increases susceptibility to cleft lip only.

Reporter gene analyses demonstrated that the ES cell-specific expression required this 18-bp enhancer element located approximately 500 nucleotides upstream from the transcription initiation site.

They found that a region of 140 base pairs in the tissue-specific transcriptional enhancer element was sufficient for different levels of transcription enhancement in different tissues and sequences.

Close to the N terminal end of polyomavirus genome are enhancer elements which induce activation and transcription of a molecule known as the T-antigen (see SV40 Large T-antigen).

The intragenic duplication of individual exons or enhancer elements also presents new opportunities for the evolution of new functions or greater regulatory complexity.