Non-overlapping segment protection is a more cost efficient solution because only the end node of every segment requires to have extra ports.

The following example makes use of Yen's model to find the first K shortest paths between communicating end nodes.

All error conditions in the network must be detected and compensated by the end nodes of a transmission.

A rule flow is constructed, from a start node to the different rules that must be considered and finishing at the end node.

Individual network interfaces and the end nodes attached to them, for example, can be identified by using standard address-resolution and discovery techniques.

Too many bits lost meant that an end node may not have enough preamble bits to lock on and the entire frame would be missed.

(Individual computers on the periphery of networks/clouds are called end nodes.)

Assuming the device is fully trustworthy, the end node must provide the means to properly authenticate the user.

There are several remedies but all require instilling trust in the end node and conveying that trust to the network/cloud.

In Link protection, the end nodes of the failed link initiate the protection.