They hit the electrode surface with sufficient energy to release a number of electrons through secondary emission.

They suggested that the attached molecules of the solvent, such as water, would have a fixed alignment to the electrode surface.

Essentially, an excess of electrons on the electrode surface forces some electrons into the gas.

A pseudocapacitance may be higher by a factor of 100 as a double-layer capacitance with the same electrode surface.

The electrode surface may or may not catalyze chemical reactions.

When there is not enough current, the glow forms around only part of the electrode surface.

The potential difference is caused by differences in concentration of the charge-carriers between bulk solution and on the electrode surface.

The rate of reaction is then dependent on the ability of the charge-carriers to reach the electrode surface.

This asserts some control over the mass transport process which brings the analyte to the electrode surface.

The trapped ion can then be held further away from the electrode surfaces.