They argue that the concept is vague and the data do not support mass change in electoral behavior.

With this knowledge, electoral behaviour may be related to local area social and economic characterisation.

Only the United States among major nations reveals such recurrent electoral behavior over two centuries.

He initially contended that "as regards its electoral behavior, the Workers' Party did what has been done systematically in Brazil."

These theories offer models of electoral behavior in which individuals are not analyzed within their social networks and environments.

He has published extensively on electoral behaviour, political parties, and political culture.

Several modes of electoral behaviour are tested; in particular, the continuous political activism of Cornwall's farmers stands out.

His research areas are electoral systems and electoral behavior.

He has been a pioneer in Canada of research on electoral behaviour, political parties and the relationship between politics and leisure culture, particularly the arts.

An alternative model of legislative and electoral behaviour has been offered by Downs (1957).