Microphysical assumptions may directly or indirectly modulated storm structure, which result in small changes in the hurricane track which can have societal consequences.

However, it has been shown to directly modulate a broad range of ligand-gated ion channels, and this likely plays a major role in many of its effects.

In this case, the relevant environmental stimulus (temperature) directly modulates the structure and activity of the channel protein.

To ascertain whether MAP kinase directly modulates the receptor function, this amino acid was changed to alanine by site-directed mutagenesis.

CAAT/enhancer binding proteins directly modulate transcription from the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 promoter.

Ecosystem engineers are defined as: "organisms that directly or indirectly modulate the availability of resources to other species, by causing physical state changes in biotic or abiotic materials.

This term is used for organisms that "directly or indirectly modulate availability of resources (other than themselves) to other species, by causing physical state changes in biotic or abiotic materials".

This finding is consistent with the idea that bile acids directly modulate specific signaling cascades that control cellular death and survival.

Insight into how bile acids directly modulate a variety of other cellular functions will be important in understanding the significance of cellular responses to bile acids.

Recent genomic research suggests that GHK directly modulates gene expression, which may explain the diversity of its biological actions.