There were rings of cameras every hundred metres along the length of the four-kilometre cone, so that, no matter how deeply it penetrated, some cameras would always be above and below the crustal layer.

Based on imaging by the "Deep Probe" analysis, a thick lower crustal layer corresponds geographically with the Bighorn subprovince and may be an underplate associated with ca. 2.70 Ga mafic magmatism.

There used to be a natural balance between order and chaos-almost between the crustal layers and the magma beneath.

GRABEN: a long geological ditch formed when the ground sinks because of movements in the underlying crustal layers.

It took me half an hour to find the place where Paul had been working: there was a neat, wedge-shaped cut in a surface of the type that represented a formal crustal layer.

The lithospheric thickness also varies widely from 150-200 km in Ukraine to 120 km in southern Russia to over 250 km thick in the NE Baltic Shield, with extremely wide thickness fluctuations of the crustal layers.

Beneath the oceans, the crustal layer is predominately basalt, and this basalt layer continues underneath the continental granite.

Typical NVPM exhibit a high velocity, high gradient lower crust (6.4-7.7 km/s) overlain by a thin, low velocity (4-5 km/s) upper crustal layer.

This then exposes new lava at the surface that cools into a new crustal layer which will again fracture into slabs and be recycled into the circulating lava beneath the crust.

This was deformed in the upper crustal layers.