The detection of the companion could constrain models of white-dwarf temperature evolution and pulsar magnetic field decay.

Astrometric measurements are used by astrophysicists to constrain certain models in celestial mechanics.

These and other measurements have been widely used to constrain atmospheric models that derive plausible source/sink scenarios.

Observations of the Lyman-alpha forest can also be used to constrain cosmological models.

These layers represent the internal stratigraphy and can also be used to constrain ice-flow models.

They can then be used to constrain models of new physics beyond the Standard Model.

List the types of feasible observations you would make in order to better constrain models of the interior of Mercury.

Together with the oblique corrections, nonoblique corrections can be used to constrain models of new physics beyond the Standard Model.

The Lyman-alpha forest observations can be used to constrain cosmological models.

To constrain cosmological models with galaxy clusters, we must have a very large number of galaxy clusters.