Consider first a case in which no cognitive map is needed.

We do not know how cognitive maps are stored in the brain.

The other is to build up a cognitive map of the region to be traversed.

These cases suggest that animals can form cognitive maps.

There are several ways that humans form and use cognitive maps.

The cognitive map is thus obtained by the integration of these two separate maps.

Much of the cognitive map is created through self-generated movement cues.

He would memorize the car positions and form cognitive maps.

The final two tests involved the formation and use of a cognitive map.

The rats used their cognitive maps to achieve the goal, showing they had learned the maze.