For example, if you have the following code fragment:

This code fragment attempts to open a file and read it into memory.

The following code fragment represents a sample session using :

For example, the code fragment from the previous section will require eight tests:

Here are some examples of code fragments that run in constant time:

Using this information, the previous code fragment may be safely transformed into:

This is achieved using small code fragments (protocols) at the start and the end of the critical sections.

The following code fragment shows a very simple example of a first order system ():

The following code fragment illustrates the use of the most common operations:

The following code fragment shows how we can use this view to find out how many people are younger than 30: