This formula is used in the theory of Cronbach's alpha in classical test theory.

Islam, J.N.: The cosmological constant and classical tests of general relativity.

Taken together with the measurement of the gravitational spectral shift these measurements make up the classical tests of GR.

The researchers, who wrote about their work in the journal Science, performed a classical test of the theory.

For a point mass the deflection can be calculated and is one of the classical tests of general relativity.

The name item response theory is due to the focus of the theory on the item, as opposed to the test-level focus of classical test theory.

However, classical statistical tests, including those based on the mean, are typically bounded above by the nominal size of the test.

It provides general implementations of the classical statistical tests for random number generators, as well as several others proposed in the literature, and some original ones.

Irwin I. Shapiro proposed another test, beyond the classical tests, which could be performed within the solar system.

It is sometimes called the fourth "classical" test of general relativity.