Some of their most important sympathizers included educated civil servants and soldiers, who provided clandestine human-source intelligence from their workplaces, as well as providing counterintelligence on French and Japanese plans.

There is usually a conflict between clandestine intelligence and covert action, which may compete for resources in the same organization.

In the National Clandestine Services, an Associate Deputy Director for Operations for Military Affairs deals with specific clandestine human-source intelligence and covert action in support of military operations.

America needs the best clandestine intelligence gathering it can find.

No doubt, some ideas in these arenas have merit, and more resources certainly can be used to pay for reward money, improved clandestine human intelligence, and so on.

At this time, the CIA proper did not have control of covert action or clandestine intelligence.

The following persons are known to have participated in covert operations, as distinct from clandestine intelligence gathering (espionage) either by their own admission or by the accounts of others:

In response to a White House deadline, he also sent a classified memorandum to President Bush on Wednesday with recommendations about how to improve the C.I.A.'s abilities, particularly in clandestine intelligence gathering.

In such an approach, both clandestine intelligence and covert operations personnel live normal lives, perhaps carrying out regular military or government functions, but have prepared documentation of assumed identities, safehouses, secure communications, etc.

The fact that Mr. Ames was allowed to roam free shows that the world of clandestine intelligence held an exalted place in the agency's universe.