The thermo-dielectric effect is the production of electric currents and charge separation during phase transition.

Because of this, rubbing different materials can cause charge separation.

A charged object can make a neutral object have charge separation.

In essence, this is the act of photosynthetic charge separation.

The charge separation results from the Lorentz force on the free charges in the disk.

A spark occurs between the wires where they cross, indicating charge separation.

Therefore a charge separation is developing as K leaves the cell.

This is caused by water's polarity, which makes it capable of creating the charge separation needed to produce lightning.

The charge separation has been estimated to be 55-95%.

Oxidation states up to +3 are believed to be an accurate representation of the charge separation experienced by the metal center.