The cells in the embryo are initially much less specialized and differ from each other in more subtle ways.

Epithelial and mesenchymal cells differ in phenotype as well as function.

Still, since cells differ from one another and are extremely complex, it is open to question how predictable biological engineering can ever be.

These early cells, each with relatively few genes, differed in many ways, and swapped their genes freely.

Using the optical stretcher, it was also shown that cancerous cells differ significantly in their mechanical properties from their healthy counterparts.

These two cells are identical and do not differ in any way from the original parent cell.

In Dr. Michaelson's view, the body generates a huge and random assortment of cells during embryonic development, and each cell differs slightly from all others.

The cells of different subtypes also differ in their dendritic structure and synaptic targets in the brain.

Other repairs will require different information about healthy cells and about how a particular damaged cell differs from the norm.

The specific cells involved differ with each disease, but the essential process, according to the new understanding, is the same.