At best it shows only that something similar is happening without showing why, or identifying key causal processes.

The former notions can then be defined in terms of causal processes.

For this reason, we have to keep a clear idea in our heads of the relationships between the variables in the whole causal process.

You can think of figure 12.1 as a real causal process, at the moment known only to God.

Researchers rarely conduct research with a finished model of the causal process they want to test in mind.

When no generalization can be made about the causal process at work, we say that there is an interaction in the relationships.

Salmon argued that events are intersections of two or more causal processes.

Genes, therefore, are a part of a genuine causal process.

Modern versions of the theory sometimes use different terminology to refer to the same ecological causal processes.

These can be compared with the causal processes mentioned.