Also, a bizarre personal causal inference, especially in the case of inferring a relationship from one or few instances, is known as magical thinking.

They require fewer resources but provide less evidence for causal inference than a randomized controlled trial.

In order to draw causal inferences about the educational consequences of being in care, a longitudinal study has been designed.

Principal stratification is a statistical technique used in causal inference.

However, this does not make causal inference impossible.

"You have to be extremely careful about making any causal inferences here," he said.

Therefore, "it cannot permit causal inferences about individual teachers.

"Comparing personal trajectories and drawing causal inferences from longitudinal data."

A causal inference may be based on a relation when three criteria are satisfied:

We give it a special status in terms of our causal inferences.