Most innovations to a lexicon are either loan words introduced by bilingual speakers during language contact or compound words created from existing morphemes.

"the process whereby bilingual or bidialectal speakers switch back and forth between one language or dialect and another within the same conversation".

While only bilingual speakers will understand every word, the action will be clear to all.

Spanish-dominant, English-dominant and bilingual speakers develop fluency and literacy skills in both languages.

Malmberg explains this by the influence of the consonant-complex Nahuatl language through bilingual speakers and place names.

He is a bilingual speaker and member of several socio-religious organization.

These range from improvised code-switching between bilingual speakers of each language to more or less stable dialects.

Dr. Tan, however, has found evidence that bilingual speakers use one brain region for different languages.

This may mean simply that a bilingual speaker will quote the actual words of another speaker in the original language.

The researchers showed silent videotapes of a bilingual speaker saying a sentence in French or English until the baby got bored and looked away.