Supporting criteria such as antigen detection, glycogen staining, host association, and EM morphology are also employed, depending on applicability and availability.

A third test (antigen detection) looks for antigens from the virus.

The virus isolation and nucleic acid detection tests work better than antigen detection.

Corneal smears or impression cytology specimens can be analyzed by culture, antigen detection, or fluorescent antibody testing.

In the previously noted study, positive and negative predictive value of pneumococcal antigen detection was 95% and 90%, respectively.

Virus isolation and nucleic acid detection are more accurate than antigen detection, but these tests are not widely available due to their greater cost.

PCR and viral antigen detection are more accurate in the first seven days.

Viral antigen detection test.

Diffuse pulmonary disease can be diagnosed through bronchoalveolar lavage and direct examination of India ink-stained specimens, culture, and antigen detection.

Methods based on antigen detection (circulating in serum or in faeces) are less frequent.