Other non-Hezb-e Islami Pashtun officials in the Afghan government have accused Khoram of acting as a spy for Pakistan's Inter-Service Intelligence.

In August 2007, Ross authored an article in the Canadian daily, National Post entitled, "Obama got it right" wherein he wrote that Osama bin Laden was hiding in Pakistan having been provided sanctuary by Pakistan's Directorate for Inter-Service Intelligence (ISI).

"I.S.I.," interjected one, referring to Pakistan's Inter-Service Intelligence.

At the same time, elements of those same military and intelligence services, particularly those inside Inter-Service Intelligence, or the I.S.I., have provided support for America's enemies, namely the Taliban and its lethal off-shoot, the Haqqani network.

They fear consequences both from rival Afghan leaders and from Pakistan's Inter-Service Intelligence, the branch of the Pakistani military that Afghan and Western officials say plays a dominant role in leading the guerrillas.

They assert that the Central Intelligence Agency works closely with Pakistani Inter-Service Intelligence in guiding the war.

Its intelligence service, Inter-Service Intelligence, or ISI, may know more about what goes on inside Afghanistan than anyone else.

Major Role in Afghan Aid General Gul's agency, Inter-Service Intelligence, or I.S.I., had long exerted a powerful influence through domestic political surveillance under a succession of Pakistani rulers, but particularly under General Zia's martial law regime.

It is an open secret here that the Afghan mujahadeen, veterans of the struggle that drove out the Soviets, have been operating in Kashmir under the auspices of Pakistan's shadowy Inter-Service Intelligence.

At the end of December 1952, Major-General Robert Cawthome, Director-General of Inter-Service Intelligence (ISI), sent a priority report to Commander Ahsan, and asked for detailed discussions with Pakistan Armed Forces personnel on the basic principles of the ISI.