Further back in his ancestry there is more pedigree collapse due to the close intermarriage between the Houses of Austria and Spain and other Catholic monarchies.

Others had been no less territorially defined Protestant minority church bodies within Catholic monarchies, where before 1918 the Roman Catholic Church played the role of state church.

Pollard notes that the conspirators ideally planned to use the bombing to create a Catholic monarchy, with Robert Catesby and the Catholics in power while 9-year old Elizabeth sat the throne.

It was a Catholic plot aimed at engineering a transition to a Catholic monarchy; but Catholics constituted such a tiny proportion of the population that it had little realistic chance of success.

But in France, under a Catholic monarchy, the aristocracy became divided.

On the death of King Edward, the Duke of Northumberland sought to avoid a Roman Catholic monarchy by illegally placing Lady Jane Grey on the throne.

His objective was the return of a corporate, Catholic monarchy; it this end, he proclaims in Porto, the "Monarchy of the North" (January 19 to February 13, 1919).

In practice this resulted in the disappearance of the European empire of the Habsburgs and the idea of a universal Catholic monarchy.

His traditional Catholicism serves as an inspiration for many of his utopian works, in which the ideologies of Communism and Liberalism are shown to fail, and a Catholic monarchy is restored.

The battle was a victory for the Folkung party of local autonomies against the centralising forces of Catholic monarchy.